zika virus symptoms 2021

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1.Entomological terminology

Arbovirus. Refers to viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, sandflies, or ticks.

Invasive mosquito species. An invasive species is an exotic species that establishes and proliferates within an 

ecosystem and whose introduction causes,or is likely to cause, economic or environmental impact or harm to 

zika virus symptoms

human health.

Native or indigenous mosquito species. A native or indigenous species is a species that occurs within its 

natural geographical range (past or present) and dispersal potential (i.e. within the range it occupies naturally, or 

could occupy, without direct or indirect introduction or other human intervention).

Introduction of mosquito species. Introduction is the process of bringing a species from its endemic range into 

a biogeographic area to which it is completely foreign.

Establishment of mosquito species. Establishment is the perpetuation, for the foreseeable future, of an 

invasive species within an area following the species’ introduction. 

Susceptible host. In the context of vector-borne diseases, ‘susceptible host’ is defined as an organism non-

immune to the pathogen that can be infected by a pathogen through a vector-borne transmission mode. The host 

can be symptomatic or not. Depending on the characteristics of the disease, the susceptible host can become 

infectious to the vector and act as the source of further transmission.

Receptive area. A receptive area is an area where an abundant vector population is present and where the 

ecological and climatic factors favour the transmission of an arbovirus. To appraise receptivity one needs to assess 

vector capacity and the environmental and climatic suitability for transmission in that area. 

Vector competence. Vector competence is the ability of an arthropod to transmit an infectious agent following 

exposure to that agent. In other words, it refers to the ability of a vector to acquire an arbovirus from a reservoir 

host and later transmit this arbovirus to a susceptible host during the act of taking another blood meal.

Vector competence can be assessed under laboratory conditions using artificial feeding of the vector species under 

study with blood meal infected with the pathogen (e.g. Zika virus). A sequential analysis of blood-fed mosquito 

pools at successive times is performed in order to identify the presence and quantity of the virus in the salivary 

glands. If the virus is identified in the salivary glands, it is assumed that the mosquitoes can transmit the disease 

to the susceptible host. 

Competence depends on the characteristics of the pathogen (strain-specific vector competence) and the origin of 

the mosquito species. Mosquito populations originating from different areas but belonging to the same species can 

have different level of vector competence.

Aedes aegypti, current knowledge of vector competence:

 The first observation of vector competence for Aedes aegypti (population form Ikeja form Lagos state, 

zika virus symptoms

Nigeria) was provided by Boorman et al. in 19561

. Cornet et al. showed that Aedes aegypti populations from 

Senegal are compe

tent vectors of Zika virus2

. In 2015, Diagne et al. could not confirm these observations in

Aedes aegypti from Senegal3

.

 Li et al. showed under experimental conditions that Aedes aegypti from Singapore is a competent vector of 

Zika virus4   

. 

Aedes albopictus, current knowledge of vector competence:

 Wong et al. showed by experimental infection that local Aedes albopictus from Singapore is competent to 

transmit Zika virus5

. 

Wild-caught Aedes spp. have been found infected with Zika virus in various settings. The detection of wild-caught

🔘 Topic on Zika virus 

A disease caused by Zika virus that is spread through mosquito bites.

In most cases, there are no symptoms. In a few cases, Zika can trigger paralysis (Guillain-Barré Syndrome). In pregnant women, it may cause subsequent birth defects 

🔘Extremely rare

Fewer than 5 thousand cases per year (India)

Spreads by animals or insects

HOW IT SPREADS

By animal or insect bites or stings.

By having unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex.