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1.Entomological terminology
Arbovirus. Refers to viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, sandflies, or ticks.
Invasive mosquito species. An invasive species is an exotic species that establishes and proliferates within an
zika virus symptoms
human health.
Native or indigenous mosquito species. A native or indigenous species is a species that occurs within its
natural geographical range (past or present) and dispersal potential (i.e. within the range it occupies naturally, or
could occupy, without direct or indirect introduction or other human intervention).
Introduction of mosquito species. Introduction is the process of bringing a species from its endemic range into
a biogeographic area to which it is completely foreign.
Establishment of mosquito species. Establishment is the perpetuation, for the foreseeable future, of an
invasive species within an area following the species’ introduction.
Susceptible host. In the context of vector-borne diseases, ‘susceptible host’ is defined as an organism non-
immune to the pathogen that can be infected by a pathogen through a vector-borne transmission mode. The host
can be symptomatic or not. Depending on the characteristics of the disease, the susceptible host can become
infectious to the vector and act as the source of further transmission.
Receptive area. A receptive area is an area where an abundant vector population is present and where the
ecological and climatic factors favour the transmission of an arbovirus. To appraise receptivity one needs to assess
vector capacity and the environmental and climatic suitability for transmission in that area.
Vector competence. Vector competence is the ability of an arthropod to transmit an infectious agent following
exposure to that agent. In other words, it refers to the ability of a vector to acquire an arbovirus from a reservoir
host and later transmit this arbovirus to a susceptible host during the act of taking another blood meal.
Vector competence can be assessed under laboratory conditions using artificial feeding of the vector species under
study with blood meal infected with the pathogen (e.g. Zika virus). A sequential analysis of blood-fed mosquito
pools at successive times is performed in order to identify the presence and quantity of the virus in the salivary
glands. If the virus is identified in the salivary glands, it is assumed that the mosquitoes can transmit the disease
to the susceptible host.
Competence depends on the characteristics of the pathogen (strain-specific vector competence) and the origin of
the mosquito species. Mosquito populations originating from different areas but belonging to the same species can
have different level of vector competence.
Aedes aegypti, current knowledge of vector competence:
The first observation of vector competence for Aedes aegypti (population form Ikeja form Lagos state,
zika virus symptoms
Nigeria) was provided by Boorman et al. in 19561
. Cornet et al. showed that Aedes aegypti populations from
Senegal are compe
tent vectors of Zika virus2
. In 2015, Diagne et al. could not confirm these observations in
Aedes aegypti from Senegal3
.
Li et al. showed under experimental conditions that Aedes aegypti from Singapore is a competent vector of
Zika virus4
.
Aedes albopictus, current knowledge of vector competence:
Wong et al. showed by experimental infection that local Aedes albopictus from Singapore is competent to
transmit Zika virus5
.
Wild-caught Aedes spp. have been found infected with Zika virus in various settings. The detection of wild-caught
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